4/4/2024 0 Comments Dog normal hip xrayThe thin linear radiopaque structures surrounding the pes are tape, used to position the limb for radiography. The limb was passively positioned, extending it while gently restraining the puppy’s body. E, Lateral radiograph of the left hindlimb. Note the small ossified clavicular remnant cranial to the shoulder. Tape and a small pad have been used to position the limb for radiography while gently restraining the puppy’s body. D, Lateral radiograph of the left forelimb. The abdomen is perfectly positioned, although the thorax is now rotated. If critical assessment of the peripheral lung parenchyma or abdomen were necessary, the overlying paws would need to be repositioned. Overlying hindlimbs compromise abdominal assessment. The thorax is well positioned, except for the overlying forelimbs. The puppy was positioned in dorsal recumbency, secured laterally by foam sponges. The puppy was placed in left lateral recumbency, calmed until she was still. No sedation was used, relying only on positioning devices, calming and cooing, and patience. In an adult, this appearance would be diagnostic for abdominal fluid.įigure 21-1 A 3-day-old puppy. The pendulous appearance of the abdomen is also a normal finding in puppies and kittens, caused by relative lack of abdominal wall muscle tone and a relatively large liver. The kidneys are not visible because of lack of retroperitoneal fat. Gastrointestinal gas provides the only contrast visible. There is essentially no abdominal serosal detail, principally because of lack of abdominal fat to provide contrast with the soft tissue abdominal organs. The abdomen of this puppy is normal and differs markedly from an adult. Increased cranial thoracic soft tissue opacity is caused by overlying forelimb musculature and the thymus (see Figure 21-1, A). As a result, the normal lung parenchyma shows a mild, diffuse, and unstructured interstitial pattern compared with an adult. In a 3-day-old puppy ( Figure 21-1), the heart looks relatively larger than in an adult (increased cardiothoracic ratio), as the lungs are not fully developed and well aerated as they will be later in life. Radiographing a littermate for direct comparison can be the most important criterion for the practitioner when deciding normal from abnormal. Although the neonatal puppy or kitten poses the most difficult interpretation challenge, fortunately these ill or injured patients are often presented by the breeder, who may have access to littermates. Further, such resources are of limited value because of the great differences in radiographic appearance that can occur in a relatively short period, not to mention breed differences. left) and on littermates or other age-matched patients for comparison. For example, if the spleen touches the border of the liver without fat between, the margins of the two organs cannot be distinguished.īecause there are relatively few anatomic and radiographic resources of the neonatal and juvenile dog and cat to use to compare, we must rely on laterality comparison (right vs. The term silhouette sign (or border effacement) is used to describe the effacement of the borders of two touching structures of the same radiographic opacity. For example, the caudal pole of the right kidney often overlaps the cranial pole of the left kidney, the area of overlap yielding an increase in soft tissue opacity relative to the nonoverlapping portions. The term summation refers to the two-dimensional (2D) additive effects of three-dimensional (3D) structures, such as the organs within the abdomen. Recall that the five basic radiographic opacities, in increasing order, are air, fat, soft tissue, bone, and metal. The basic principles of radiographic interpretation include size, shape, location, number, margination, and opacity of structures imaged. This chapter will focus on the important unique radiographic features of puppies and kittens, application of radiographic principles, and interpretation advice specific diseases are left to the appropriate dedicated chapters. Use of the basic principles of radiographic interpretation is essential, and doing so at least in part alleviates the uncertainties invariably encountered. Interpretation of radiographic images can be an even greater challenge, primarily because of unfamiliarity with the immature, developing skeletal system. Radiography of kittens and puppies is technically demanding because of the small patient size.
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